Veraison canopy management tips

‘Using pre-flowering or pea-size leaf removal strategies offers promise for successful adaptation to global warming predictions’

A new report from researchers at Michigan State University, USA, shows the importance of the timing of practices such as cluster zone leaf removal and hedging.
“Leaf removal carried out around flowering, or just before, can reduce fruit set and lead to looser clusters” in some varieties, according to the report.
The timing of hedging practices is especially important: “Hedging too early in the growing season should be avoided because it can cause lateral growth and canopy density to increase. Hedging during veraison may cause delayed fruit maturity as well as a reduction in wood maturity and winter hardiness,” warns the report’s authors, Esmaeil Nasrollahiazar and Michael Reinke from Michigan State University Extension, and Paolo Sabbatini from MSU’s Department of Horticulture.
Here are their answers to some big questions…

Cluster zone leaf removal

Canopy management task: Cluster zone leaf removal

What’s the point? To manage the microclimate in the cluster area. “This technique improves spray coverage and efficacy by increasing airflow around the fruit and reducing humidity in the cluster zone, which in turn decreases the potential of harvest season cluster rot complex (botrytis and sour rot). Further to that, removing leaves in the cluster zone increases fruit exposure to sunlight and thickens the skin’s wax cuticle, improving grape quality and protecting against fungi infection.”

How’s it done? “There are several methods to implement cluster zone leaf removal in the vineyard, manually or mechanically. Our industry is moving at a very fast pace towards mechanisation to improve economic sustainability of grape production… and improve canopy management techniques.”

When’s the best time to do it? “Its effectiveness… is closely tied to the phenological stage of grape berry development when the technique is applied.
“Although this strategy can have a variety of goals, it is usually employed from fruit set to veraison to improve light exposure and air circulation around the bunches with the benefit of increasing tolerance to mould.”

‘Leaf removal carried out around flowering, or just before, can reduce fruit set and lead to looser clusters’

And if we want better quality fruit? “The functional relationship between yield and source availability around bloom inherently implies that a new viticulture technique, with leaf removal carried out around flowering, or just before, can reduce fruit set and lead to looser clusters. This approach is helpful for excessively tight cluster cultivars like Pinot Noir and Riesling to reduce berry-to-berry compression and subsequent sensitivity to rot.”

Will it help with global warming? Yes. The report says: “Using pre-flowering or pea-size leaf removal strategies offers promise for successful adaptation to global warming predictions for two reasons:

• “It promotes the synthesis of phenolic substances, especially flavonols that can be promoted only early in the season and are known to protect the berries from damaging UV radiation;
• “A beneficial effect in reducing harvest rot complex. Different microclimate conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity, are expected to also alter the microbial count and composition of the cluster and, furthermore, lower the probability of the occurrence of grape rots and the need for spray intervention in the vineyard.”

What’s the evidence? This photo shows a lot of dead ovaries on the peduncle before mechanical leaf removal. The report explains: “The pea-size leaf removal with a machine works by blowing compressed air into the fruit zone, with enough pressure to shatter leaf tissue and clean clusters from dead flower tissues. Dead ovaries on the peduncle can provide a good environment for botrytis bunch rot spores to germinate and colonise. The fungus invades the living tissue by using the dead tissue as a food base. The fungus may remain dormant after penetration into the berry until the sugar content of fruits increases and the acid content decreases to a level supporting the development of the fungus. Symptoms will then easily develop in warm humid conditions.”

Hedging

Canopy management task: Hedging

What’s the point? “Hedging’s main goal is to remove excess primary and lateral shoot growth from the canopy’s top and sides, preventing shading and shoot entanglement between vine rows and allowing worker and tractor traffic through the vineyard. Although hedging reduces canopy by cutting primary and lateral shoots, it does not directly reduce the vine’s inherent vigour and, when done in early to midsummer, can further promote growth by inducing lateral shoot growth in vigorous vines.”

'Hedging is pivotal to maintain light exposure of leaves, fruit and developing buds especially in vigorous canopies with excessive vegetative growth'

What’s the problem? “Hedging can impact on fruit quality, including a reduction of yield and fruit quality when performed too early in the season and for several times before harvest.”

What’s the best time for hedging? “Hedging is usually performed from fruit set to pre-veraison time when primary and lateral shoots begin to bend (45-degree angle). It’s important to keep leaves, fruit and developing buds exposed to enough light in dense canopies with excessive vegetative growth. Hedging too early in the growing season should be avoided because it can cause lateral growth and canopy density to increase. Hedging during veraison may cause delayed fruit maturity as well as a reduction in wood maturity and winter hardiness.”